GRP moulded gratings -the excellent flooring resolution

GRP moulded gratings -the excellent flooring resolution

GRP or glass reinforced polyester, frequently known as fibreglass is 1 of the most tough components now used in construction. The pultruded material has a higher degree of structural strength. In addition, its chemical composition is such that it is anti corrosion, flame retardant and non conductor. As a outcome, it weathers very well even in such environments where it is exposed to flame, electrical energy or chemical compounds. This is the explanation why GRP moulded gratings have become the flooring of selection in energy plants, factories, waste disposal units etc.

Why are GRP moulded gratings so robust?

These kinds of moulded gratings are manufactured in open heated mould system. A square pattern design and style is used with interwoven constriction. The continuous E glass roving’s placed in the mould in alternate layers. Then they are totally wetted out with resin. The result of this technologies and construction is that when the mould dries, it produces really effective resistance to corrosion. The vertical and horizontal bars are so interwoven that the weight placed on them is equally distributed in each directions. The result is greater capacity to carry far more weight and superior quality of load distribution.

GRP moulded flooring are now extensively employed in a quantity of diverse environments simply because of their numerous benefits. These are as follows:

*You let the manufacturer know the location to be covered. The GRP moulded grating will be manufactured for the complete area in 1 seamless construction. Such seamless continuity increases the strength of the moulding as the weights are distributed more than a bigger region.

*The surface of the moulded grating is smooth while the bars are tapered. The outcome is that debris falls by means of alternatively of accumulating on the leading and creating genuine difficulties of upkeep.

*The proportion of open location is quite high in GRP moulded gratings. The floor can ‘breathe’. The result is that you steer clear of odour and the surface dries speedily.

*It is the inherent characteristics of GRP that makes the moulded gratings free of charge of corrosion. The chemical structure is such that these floors can resist a high degree of corrosion. This is the purpose why GRP moulded gratings are so common in energy plants, chemical factories, paint factories and so forth.

You can choose your personal GRP moulded gratings for your factory region. They come in numerous different colours even though the mesh size also varies. The panel size, the mesh patterns, colours and thickness are all distinct issues to take into account. You should usually browse the stocks of some of the top GRP moulding makers and you will uncover some thing to suit your specifications. Examine the price tag and good quality and state your specifications to get the most suitable GRP mouldings for your demands.

The HR Kilns Ltd supply GRP molded gratings, GRP Platforms Walkways, GRP Spray Up Products, GRP Pultruded Profiles, GRP Trough &amp Lid, GRP Fiber Glass, GRP Gratings, Fibre Reinforced Plastic, glass reinforced plastic, GRP walkways, GRP Hand Lay Up, GRP Ladders, GRP Fabrications, HR Kilns GRP Services and GRP walkways from our user friendly website at hrfibreglass.co.uk.

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Most current Mould Manufacturing Factory News

Most current Mould Manufacturing Factory News

1884 Factory Tour of Fry’s Chocolate Bristol
mould manufacturing factory
Image by brizzle born and bred
Anybody who passes along Wine Street, Bristol, will, if he be keen-scented, grow to be totally aware that he is close vicinity of a chocolate factory. The aromatic berry scatters its perfume far and wide.

The manufacture itself is a growth of a century and a half. The first patent, still in the possession of its present companies, is dated 1730, and the old creating where the chocolate was then created, though solid and handsome, stands in vivid contrast to the huge pile of buildings which pour forth the chocolate and cocoa at the rate of a number of tons per day.

Any 1 getting into the factory can not but be impressed with the ceaseless whirl of machinery, the common sense of movement, and the continuous activity that pervade the buildings.

Here is a massive wheel, several feet in diameter, driving a series of grindstones which are pulverizing the nut there is a winnowing machine, which separates the husks close by is an elevator, which lifts the nibs to their subsequent position and so on all through the entire developing — machinery carrying out the function of hand labour, rendering food cheaper, and but obtaining employment for the bigger quantity of workers.

In the factory itself, you thread your way by means of walls of solid chocolate which appears like red granite blocks prepared for a new building instantly contiguous are other people of comparable shape and size, not in contrast to blocks of Portland Stone.

The last are composed of the solidified fat yielded of the cocoa berry in the approach of forming extract of cocoa.

Flanked on either side and piled up to the ceiling are the mountains of the bags containing the cocoa as imported into this nation. On the top floor of the developing the method of manufacture begins exactly where the nuts are roasted in enormous cylindrical roasters, constantly revolving more than a hot fire, and every single cylinder containing about a hundredweight of cocoa beans.

When cooked, the berries are cast into what is technically identified as a hopper — that is, a wooden partition about six feet square, in the center of which is a hole in the slate flooring, and through which the roasted cocoa beans are constantly descending by a conduit to the floor below. Subsequently the husks are separated from the bean itself by a really ingenious through basic arrangement.

The cocoa beans are made to pass in between two quite tiny rollers, which are about a quarter of an inch apart, and on the surface of each and every roller are tiny knife like projections, which break the husk but do not crush the nibs they then pass into the winnowing machine, by the elevators, into the mills, exactly where the beans are crushed into chocolate by, revolving drum, stone mills, or steel roller, until at length it problems, in continuous streams, a rich, fragrant, and deliciously brown liquid.

There is at this point of the manufacture two distinct processes, completely different in their aim: the one particular, the production of cocoa extract the other, the production of Perl and Caracas Cocoa. Cocoa extract is produced by extracting a large proportion of fat from the cocoa.

The mode in which this is effected is not a little singular. The cocoa is place into strong canvas bags, and from its basic appearance which hence manipulated is visibly suggestive of dynamite. These bags are composed of really robust double-sewn canvas.

They are placed into a hollow iron cylinder, the bottom of which moves up by hydraulic power of 1,200 lbs to the square inch, with the result that the fat drops into troughs, and when cool forms those Portland Stone blocks to which we have previously referred.

Whilst the fat is cooling in the troughs, the steel rollers are whirling round, crushing the ordinary nibs and incorporating the sugar, whilst completely manipulating the entire, and shredding into fine delicate flakes that planet-famed Caracas Cocoa.

1 is tempted to pause by the mill and taste as soon as again the luxurious compound of excellent cocoa, sugar, and vanilla.

We English have scarcely reached the point of appreciating how charming a luncheon is afforded by a stick of chocolate and a hunch of fine white bread. In other parts of the performs are small lakes of sugar getting converted into snow-flake, and chocolate being moulded into drops and bonbons.

At other parts there are steam-planes, steam-saws, and other machinery making wood boxes and finishing them with a rapidity that is really marvelous.

In one particular shop there are tin-workers who stamp out the lid, place on the finish, and present you with a completely tight tin canister in anything significantly less than a minute. Everywhere there is pressure, movement, and order.

The nimble fingers that affix the labels to the packets, equally with these that fill the packets themselves, weary the eyes by the rapidity of their movement. Enormous instances travel to and fro, as they pass to one or yet another of the wonderful packing departments, while trollies, laden to the utmost, carry boxes and packages to be sorted out and sent to every single part of England and each quarter of the globe.

A century and a half of constant and ever escalating effort lives in the factory, and those who right now listen to their of cautiously planned machinery can’t fail to don’t forget these early instances when chocolate was the luxury of the wealthy instead of getting, as it is to-day, the everyday necessity of millions of our people.

Good Pipe Fitting Mould Maker pictures

Good Pipe Fitting Mould Maker pictures

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1970′s inventions that changed our way of life
pipe fitting mould maker
Image by brizzle born and bred
Technology, Fashion and Toys played an increasingly important part in people’s lives in the 70s.

Ceefax: 1974

Launched in 1974, Ceefax went live with 30 pages and was the first teletext service in the world. Started as an experiment for the deaf, Ceefax developed into an instant news, sports and information service for millions of armchair surfers.

Colour Television Sets

Introduced on BBC 2 for Wimbledon coverage on July 1, 1967. The launch of the BBC 2 "full" color service took place on December 2, 1967. Some British TV programs, however, had been produced in color even before the introduction of color television in 1967, for the purpose of sales to American, Canadian, and Filipino networks. BBC 1 and ITV started color transmissions November 15, 1969.

The first colour sets became available in Britain in 1967, when BBC2 started broadcasting in colour. (Note BBC1 and ITV didn’t go colour until 1969.)

A typical 22" colour set would have cost £300 in 1967, or around £3000 in today’s money – equivalent to a top of the line 50+ inch LCD or LED HDTV set.

Britain’s oldest colour telly ‘still going strong’ 42 years on, says 69-year-old owner

www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1328760/Britains-oldest-…

Home Music Centre

The ultimate piece of kit that most people wanted in the mid 70s was a "Music Centre". This was a record player, cassette tape recorder and radio combined. Dynatron made one of the first, the HFC38 Stereo/Audio Cassette System, launched in 1972. This was a high priced luxury item at the time.

Dial Telephone

The 746 telephone was the British GPO’s main telephone for the 1970s. It was the phone most people had in the 70s and it is phone you will remember from that decade.

In the 70s, the home telephone was still a luxury in the UK. The General Post Office (GPO) had a monopoly on telephone services and anyone who wanted a phone needed to rent one from the GPO.

Although still a state run monopoly, the telephone service was more modern in the 70s. The old fashioned lettered exchanges disappeared in the late 60s and the new phones were equipped for the strangely termed ‘all figure numbering’. Customers had a choice of three phones: the 746, the smaller 776 Compact Telephone and the modern looking Trimphone.

The 746 telephone was an upgraded version of the 706 phone or ‘Modern Telephone’ that the GPO introduced to customers in the early 60s.

It introduced a few practical improvements. Firstly there was a clear plastic dial showing only numbers. The case had an integral carry handle and the phone came in a more modern plastic. It was also lighter and had improved circuitry.

Electronic Calculator

The first pocket calculators came onto the market towards the end of 1970. In the early 70s they were an expensive status symbol. By the middle of the decade, people used them to add up the weekly shopping at the supermarket. As pocket calculators moved from executive’s briefcases to school children’s satchels, there was controversy over whether children could still do sums.

Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments developed the integrated circuit technology that made the pocket calculator possible in the sixties. TI’s first prototype hand held calculator, the Cal Tech, demonstrated the potential of the new device. However, as with the transistor radio, Japanese firms quickly exploited the technology. The first portable, as opposed to pocket sized, calculator was the Sharp QT-8B. A year later pocket sized models were available from Bowmar (USA), Sharp, Busicom (Japan) and Sanyo.

Very quickly a host of manufacturers entered into the growing pocket calculator market. Texas Instruments launched their own model, the TI-2500 Datamath, in 1972.

Electronic games

Electronic games, such as MB Simon and Adman Grandstand, went on sale in the UK in the second half of the 70s. This was the time when people got their first taste of the digital lifestyle we enjoy today. A few years earlier, the first calculators and LED digital watches were marketed. Now manufacturers too adopted the same circuitry for play, and the age of electronic games began.

This revolution was reflected in the small screen when ITV’s George and Mildred’s neighbours bought a Grandstand game for Christmas. There were also concerns that TV audiences would drop, with more people using their TVs to play video games instead. Granada TV’s report "Who’ll be watching Coronation Street in 1984?" expressed concerns their advertising revenue might be at risk.

The grand daddy of all the computer games was the Magnavox Odyssey, which was launched in 1972. It introduced the public to a familiar, but primitive, electronic bat and ball game. Magnavox Odyssey was quite sophisticated; it offered range of different games, some of which required props. However, it was more of US than an UK phenomenon.

Electronic chess games also appeared in the mid seventies, but the game that first captured the public’s imagination in the UK was the Adman Grandstand.

Freezers

In the 70s, freezer ownership increased dramatically. Freezers and frozen food were available in the 60s, but sales of freezers took off in the 70s. In 1970 around 100,000 were sold, which was three times as many as in 1967. By 1974, one in ten households had a freezer.

Food processors

A food processor added a choice of blades and attachments to a standard blender. The Magimix from the 70s was the first UK example.

Microwave ovens

The microwave oven was invented by Percy Spencer in the late 40s. Initially, microwave ovens were only used by catering establishments. Oxford University physicist, Professor Nicholas Kurti gave a dramatic demonstration of microwave cooking with his reverse baked Alaska, or frozen Florida, which had ice cream on the outside and hot filling on the inside. He first demonstrated this dessert in 1969, showing how microwaves easily passed through ice, causing little heat, but the filling made from brandy and marmalade absorbed them and heated up more quickly.

Microwave ovens were not available in Britain until the end of the 70s, even then they did not catch on that quickly. The first ‘Which’ report on microwave ovens was written in 1979. There were concerns about what would happen if the microwaves escaped and confusion over whether the ovens were radioactive. For most people though, they were simply too expensive.

By 1979, there were a variety of microwaves on the market, priced between 150 and 400. [500 to 1400 in today’s money]. Models with a separate convection heating element were even more expensive. Both traditional oven makers, Creda and Belling and electronics giants Philips, Hitachi, Sanyo, Sharp and Toshiba, made microwave ovens in the 70s.

For most people in the UK the microwave revolution did not begin until well into the 80s. Jimmy Tarbuck’s advertisements for Sharp microwaves helped promote microwave cooking in the UK in the early 80s.

Teasmaid

As part of our renewed appreciation of all things 70s, the teasmade is back in fashion. After years in the naff cupboard, John and Norma Major owned one, it is now hip to own a teasmade.

The teasmade was a luxury item in the 70s household. Although primitive devices for automatically making tea were available since Victorian times and leading manufacturer Goblin made teasmades since the thirties, they were never considered essentials.

Most teasmades (sometimes incorrectly spelled ‘teasmaid’) comprised a teapot, kettle and clock. To prepare the teasmade ready for use tea, or teabags, fashionable in the 70s, were added to the pot and water into the kettle and then the alarm was set for the time you wanted to wake up to enjoy your freshly made pot of tea. About ten minutes before the alarm went off, the kettle boiled the water, which bubbled through a spout into the teapot. If you forgot to put the spout into the teapot some 70s models poured boiling water on to whatever the teasmade was stood on. Once the tea was brewed, the alarm sounded to wake you up, if the mechanism had not already woken you.

In 1971 there were only three manufacturers of teamade: Goblin, Ecko and Russell Hobbs. The Goblin model shown here cost £27.18 (£265 in today’s money). It is no wonder that the teasmade was a luxury.

Tea bags

Tea bags were new in the 70s. Well not exactly new, they had been used in the USA since the 20s. Tetley had tried introducing them to the UK twice, once in the 30s and again in the 50s, but they were seen as a bit of a joke. In the 70s though, sales of tea bags took off. It’s hard to explain why, they were more expensive and rarely used in the way originally intended – to remove the tea from the pot once it was brewed. It may have been something to do with convenience. We could throw our tea strainers away. Now tea bags are almost universal – so they must have been a good idea after all!

Continental quilts

Until the 70s, most people in the UK made up beds with sheets and blankets. In the early 70s the bedroom revolution was the continental quilt or duvet. Names such as "Slumberland Fjord" and "Banlite Continental" left no doubt as to the origin. Mostly they were filled with down or duck feathers. Synthetic fillings were more common in Europe, but became available in the UK. People quickly took to them as they were more convenient.

Flares and platform soles

Two trends defined the 70s in a fashion sense: flared trousers and platform soles. Flares were derived from the hippy fashion for loon pants of the late 60s. They were worn by men and women. The flare was from the knee and reached exaggerated proportions in the middle years of the 70s. The trousers were often hipsters, sitting on the hips rather than the waist, and tight fitting.

The combination of flares and denim made flared jeans the fashion phenomenon of the decade.

Platform soles were mainly worn by women and more fashionable men. There were health warnings about damage that could be caused to the back in later life, but the fashion did not last long enough for that to have an effect. There was an element of thirties retro in the style of some of the shoes, which echoed the thirties’ love of two-tone or co-respondent black and cream or brown and cream colours. Bright colours also gave the shoes more of a space age look.

Raleigh Chopper

The Raleigh Chopper brought the style of Easy Rider to the backstreets of Britain in the 70s. It took the UK youth bike market by storm and probably saved Raleigh from financial disaster. The Chopper was a distinctly different bike for young people and was a first choice Christmas present. However, the Chopper attracted criticism for some aspects of its safety. The Chopper became distinctly unfashionable in the 80s, when BMX became the latest craze.

Klackers

Klackers comprised two acrylic balls, often brightly coloured, on a string with a small handle in the middle. It was a playground craze that swept Britain and America in the early 70s. The idea was to move the handle up and down to make the balls click together. The really skilled could make the Klackers meet at the top and bottom of a circle; it required practice. They made a noise when they clacked together, hence the name.

Klackers were also marketed as Ker-knockers, Clackers and Klickies.

Whilst children loved the Klackers, or Ker-knock-ers, parents and teachers were concerned about the safety aspects. They could cause bruised hands and arms and the balls could shatter into dangerously sharp shards of plastic. Some schools banned them from the playground. Like most crazes, Klackers disappeared as quickly as they appeared.

Invicta Mastermind game

The Invicta Mastermind game was a huge seller in the 70s. In spite of the name, it had no connection with the Mastermind television programme originally hosted by Magnus Magnussen, although many people bought the game thinking it did.

The game was invented by Israeli postmaster and telecommunications expert, Mordecai Meirowitz. He initially found it difficult to get a manufacturer to take on his idea, but eventually managed to persuade small UK games maker, Invicta to make it.

The game went on sale in the early 70s and was a huge success. The box depicting a bearded man and woman in Asian dress carried an air of mysteriousness about it, suggesting supreme intelligence was needed to play the game.

Indeed Mastermind was taken seriously by the academic world. In 1977, Donald Knuth, the American computer scientist responsible for some learned texts in the world of computing, published a formula that guaranteed a correct guess in five goes.

Mastermind was also recognised by the toy industry. In 1973 Invtica was awarded ‘Game of the Year’ for Mastermind. Look out for pre-1973 versions that do not have the ‘Game of the Year’ award on the box.

Fondue set

Fondue originated in Switzerland and the classic fondue is always made with Swiss cheeses: Emmenthal and Gruyère. The word ‘fondue’ is derived from the French word, ‘fondre’, which means to blend.

By 1960, Marguerite Patten claimed the fondue was becoming popular. Her ‘Cookery in Colour’ featured fondue recipes with a decidedly English twist: ‘Cheddar Fondue’ and ‘Tomato Fondue’, as well as the classic ‘Gruyère’.

It was in the seventies that fondue parties really took off in the UK. Originally a reminder of a Swiss dish tried on a skiing holiday, fondue parties soon became the up-to-the minute thing to do; but by the 80s, it was decidedly naff.

Fondue sets are available again as everything 70s is fun once more. For real authenticity, source the genuine article from the 70s on eBay. Look for bright orange fondue pots and forks with teak handles.

Soda syphon

The retro style soda syphon (or soda siphon), once a symbol of kitsch and bad taste, is now the height of retro cool. The Sparklets Soda Syphon was a hit at 70s parties. However, its roots go back to the era of the Boer War.

The Sparklets Soda Syphon was originally used as a way of bringing sparkling or aerated water to hot climates at the far reaches of the British Empire. Invented in the 1890s, Sparklets bulbs were used during the Boer War.

Before the introduction of Sparklets bulbs, carbonated, or aerated water, as the Victorians preferred to call it, was a luxury product. It was expensive to make, and there was no way to do it yourself. The invention of the Sparklets bulb popularised it as soda water. The original device was called a ‘Prana’ Sparklet Syphon, and the Company stressed that it was as easy for a housemaid in Bayswater as for an orderly in South Africa to use the device.

Sparklets Streamline, with hammered finish 1940s
In 1920 Sparklets Ltd was acquired by BOC, the British Oxygen Company. By the 1960s Sparklets specialised in diecast products for the domestic industry. Naturally the Sparklets Soda Syphons were a big part of the business, but Sparklets also made diecast parts for washing machines, hairdryers and vacuum cleaners, as well as for cars.

The Sparklets bulb method may not have changed much since the days of the Boer War, but the style of the syphon moved with the times. Three basic types were around in the 60s and 70s.

Cigarettes

Player’s No6 and Embassy. However, they were joined by mild versions: Embassy Extra Mild and Player’s No6 Extra Mild. The rise of the mild cigarette was a 70s’ phenomenon. Benson and Hedges Silk Cut, pictured bottom middle, started this trend.

Which? Magazine named Silk Cut as the mildest UK cigarette in 1972. Although, the Which report was intended to convince people to stop smoking, it gave an enormous boost to Silk Cut sales. (In fact there is no evidence to suggest mild cigarettes are any better for you.).

The other big trend ran in the opposite direction. King size cigarettes were increasingly popular. John Player Special, with its distinctive black packaging, was a rival for Benson and Hedges.

King size cigarettes also went down market and were available in the cheaper brands. Both Player’s No6 and Embassy had king size versions. You could buy cigarettes in a bewildering number of different sizes: international, king size, regular, intermediate, mini and sub-mini. Collectors of cigarette packets from the 70s should look out for different sizes in all the popular brands, for example, Silk Cut, Silk Cut King Size, Silk Cut No1, Silk Cut No5, Silk Cut No3, as well as Silk Cut Extra Mild.

At the same time competition from US cigarette manufacturers started in earnest in the 70s. The famous Marlboro brand with is cowboy print advertising campaign started to take sales away from the home grown brands.

Smoking in the 1970s

Cigarettes were a big part of life in the 70s. People smoked them in large numbers. They also started to kick the habit in large numbers too. To give up or not, and to inhale or not, were big topics of conversation.

In 1969, Embassy Filter (right) was the most popular brand. It had been introduced in 1962 and took a staggering 24% of the cigarette market in 1968. By 1971 though, it was knocked off the top spot by Players No 6. In 1972 these brands (below) made up 94% of all cigarettes sold (in order of tar content, lowest first):

Silk Cut (filter)
Consulate Menthol (filter)
Cadets (filter)
Piccadilly De Luxe (filter)
Cambridge (filter)
Embassy Gold (filter)
Embassy Regal (filter)
Sovereign (filter)
Sterling (filter)
Player’s No 6 Virginia (filter)
Park Drive (filter)
Kensitas (filter)
Embassy (filter)
Gold Leaf Virginia (filter)
Player No 6 (plain)
Player’s Weights (plain)
Albany (filter)
Woodbine (plain)
Player’s No 10 Virginia (filter)
Guards Tipped (filter)
Benson & Hedges King Size (filter)
Senior Service (plain)
Player’s Navy Cut (plain)
Park Drive (plain)
Rothman’s King Size (filter)

The majority of the most popular brands are filter tipped. At the time people wanted to believe that the filter would protect them. Medical research showed otherwise, even as early as the 60s. Also worth noting is that Rothman’s advertised their cigarettes as for "…when you know what doing are doing" – a bit ironic considering the tar content!

In 1970, 55% of men and 44% of women smoked cigarettes. The percentage smoking cigarettes had fallen from the peak of 65% in 1948 and the risks of smoking on health were beginning to slowly sink in. In spite of research by the late Professor Sir Richard Doll published in 1951, which linked smoking with lung cancer, cigarette smoking was so much a part of life that the habit died hard. Even as late as 1973 the Guinness Book of Records described nicotine as an "anodyne to civilisation".

In 1971, cigarette manufacturers agreed to put a mild health warning on the packets (left) – "WARNING by HM Government SMOKING CAN DAMAGE YOUR HEALTH". I say "mild" because Professor Sir Richard Doll’s research showed that of 1,357 men with lung cancer, 99.5% were smokers. Or as "Which" chillingly put it – you had as much chance of dying before you were 44 if you smoked, as a serviceman had of being killed in the Second World War. Most people were still playing Russian Roulette and hoping that the chamber was empty.

"Which" never published a report comparing one cigarette brand with another. They acted in the best interest of consumers and recommended only that people should give up. There were conflicting stories circulating concerning the safety of other forms of smoking, such as pipe or cigar smoking: "Was it safer than cigarettes?", "Was it safe if you didn’t inhale?" and "Was it worth waiting for a safe cigarette?". "Which" did not sit on the fence and told members as directly as possible that the only safe course of action was to give up.

The 70s was the decade when people did finally accept the risks of smoking and the proportion of the population who smoked fell quite significantly. Those leading the way were the professional middle classes. The anti-smoking group, ASH, was founded in 1970 and took a lead in alerting the public to the dangers of smoking. The proportion of men and women smoking cigarettes dropped gradually during the 70s. By 1980, 42% of men and 37% of women smoked. (Today’s figures are 27% and 25% respectively).

LED watch

LED digital watch

Retro style LED watches are now selling on the internet, reviving the original digital watches from the early 70s. The first LED watch was marketed in the US by watchmaker, Hamilton, under the brand name ‘Pulsar’ in the Fall of 1971. It was originally a high priced gadget; by the end of the decade LED watches were almost throw away items and the more familiar LCD display was gaining ground.

Toys

The Space Hopper, the Raleigh Chopper and Mattel’s model cars with Hot Wheels made their debut in the 60s, but in the 70s achieved their highest popularity.

The Chopper was revised with safety improvements to become the Mark 2 in 1972. Mattel did not have their own way for long with Hot Wheels. British rival Matchbox had already introduced Superfast Wheels in 1969 and converted their whole range to them in the early 70s.

Sindy continued to be a popular toy for girls and won Toy of the Year in 1970. That accolade also went to another doll in 1971, Katie KopyKat; Katie copied everything you wrote.

Another 70s’ craze that had its origins in the 60s was Klackers, or Clackers: two acrylic balls that were made to click together. Experts could make them clack at the bottom and top in a circular movement, but safety concerns saw their early demise.

The Mastermind TV programme hosted by Magnús Magnússon had huge audiences in the 70s. However, the Mastermind Board Game made by Invicta in 1973 had no connection with the Mastermind TV show. It was all about breaking a secret code.

Lego was as popular as ever. It scooped Toy of the Year in 1974 and 1975. Other toys with their origins in the 50s and earlier were discovered by new generations of children.

The football game Subbuteo gained plastic figures in 1967 and in the 70s was available in up to fifty different team strips. There were spin-off cricket and snooker games too.

Scalextric was improved with new cars in the 70s and was as popular as ever. More traditional toys such as Hornby trains and Meccano continued to find a market.

The big change in play in the 70s though was the advent of electronic games. The 70s gave us digital watches and pocket calculators and by the middle of the decade electronic toys and games as well. One of the first to capture the imagination of the UK public was Adman Grandstand, which could play a variety of sports, including a version of the Pong arcade game. The brightly coloured MB Simon game was also a big seller in 1978.

Star Wars was in the cinema in 1977 and a host of Star Wars inspired merchandise followed. Never before had the movie makers cashed in so much on the toy market, it was a portent for the new decade.

Furniture

Furniture from the seventies was bigger and chunkier than furniture from the 60s. Teak was still the favourite wood throughout the decade, although pine was getting an increasingly strong middle class following. Autumn colours were in vogue: browns, beiges and oatmeal. Striped upholstery fabric was popular.

The seventies had its share of fads. Chrome plated tubular steel furniture had a brief period of being the latest thing. Towards the end of the decade, cane and rattan furniture started to gain a small following. Both this and pine were much bigger in the following two decades.

The seventies was still a decade when modern was the favourite look. There was little attempt to recreate the past, although in a decade of contradictions, reproduction furniture had a growing niche following.

Green Shield Stamps

Green Shield Stamps were almost everywhere in the Britain of the 60s and 70s. If you bought your groceries at certain shops the retailer gave you stamps to stick in a book. Once you had collected enough you exchanged the books for gifts. Most people can remember Green Shield Stamps, but there were other schemes. Does anyone remember Blue Star, Gift Coupon, Happy Clubs, Thrift Stamp, Uneedus Bonus, Universal Sales Promotions or Yellow Stamps?

Drink

In the later 70s, lager began to take hold. You can still get seventies favourites such as Skol, Carling Black Label (they paid a consultant millions of pounds to recommend that the ‘Black Label’ was dropped some time in the 90s), Carlsberg and Tennant’s Pilsner, though whether it is the same, who could say? Light ale was a popular alternative to lager at the time.

Keg bitter was definitely the drink of the early seventies. "Classics" such as Watneys Red Barrel (or Watney’s Red as they tended to call it then), Double Diamond, Courage Tavern and Worthington ‘E’ are well out of production.

Britain’s best selling cars from the 70s

British automotive fashions changed. As women replaced mini skirts with midis and maxis, and men chucked out the Don Draper look in favour of flares and wide ties, cars changed just as significantly, on the outside at least.

Car makers ditched the chrome grills, the wood and leather interiors of the 60s and embraced American coke bottle styling, plastic fascias and matt black grills.

The UK’s top four manufacturers all introduced new models leading up to and around 1970. The first of the new wave was the Ford Escort, launched in late 1967. It was a small car with neat American influenced body styling. Ford also launched the ground breaking Capri in 1969, which brought sports car styling to the average motorist. In 1970 there was a rash of new models: the Morris Marina; a completely restyled Vauxhall Viva; and the all new Hillman Avenger, remember those L shaped tail lights? In 1971 Ford launched the car that was to represent the 1970s, the Cortina Mk III.

Ford won the sales war and the Cortina was the best selling car of the decade, with the Escort in second place. BL made a series of mistakes, the worst of which was to replace their best selling Austin/Morris 1100/1300 range with the blob shaped Allegro. It eventually needed the State to intervene and save the company from bankruptcy.

The 70s also saw a greater proportion of foreign cars on the road. However, none of them made it into the top ten. The best selling foreign import was the Datsun Sunny, which was only the 19th best selling car of the decade.

These are the top ten best selling UK cars of the 70s.

Ford Cortina Mk3, 1972

Ford’s stylists had their fingers firmly on the pulse of the 70s’ car market. They replaced the neatly minimalist Cortina Mk II, driven by Michael Caine in Get Carter, with the glamorous Mk III in 1970.

If there was a car that summed up the mood of the early 70s perfectly it was the Cortina Mk III. The classic American inspired coke bottle styling was combined with plenty of chrome trim. The new Cortina was bigger and better than the outgoing Mk II.

Ford’s graduated model range offered a huge choice of trim, style and engine size. You could choose from from L (basic), XL (more luxury), GT (sporty), GXL (luxurious) to the ultimate Cortina, the 2000E. Even the L looked stylish, but the upmarket GXL offered acres of simulated wood trim, glorious velour seats and a chrome trimmed black vinyl roof.

Ford Cortina Mk V, 1979

In 1976 Ford replaced the Cortina Mk III with the Mk IV. The glam rock era had faded by 1976 and Ford stylists gave the market something more sober, although the parent company’s policy of sharing as much as possible between the UK Cortina and the German Ford Taunus may have also influenced the more prosaic styling.

The final facelift for the Cortina came in 1979. Ford sharpened up the style of the Mk IV with the similar looking Mk V, which nevertheless changed almost every body panel. The Cortina disappeared entirely in 1982 to make way for the Sierra, dubbed the ‘jelly mould’ car at the time.

Ford Escord Mk2, 1979

Ford also sold over one million Escorts in the 1970s. The Escort was introduced late in 1967 as a replacement for the popular Ford Anglia. Remember that backward sloping rear roofline?

The Escort continued the Anglia theme of a stylish body combined with basic, but reliable, mechanicals. However, Ford went one stage further with the Escort, as with the Cortina, they offered a range of basic saloons and some sporty and luxury models as well.

Style was all important to Ford’s selling strategy and in 1975 they gave the Escort a new squared off body and models near the top of the range had square headlamps too. By 1979 you could choose from 1100, 1300, 1600, 1800 and 2000cc models. In 1980 the Escort was upgraded to a the Mk III for the new decade.

Mini Clubman

Although Alex Issigonis’ masterpiece the Mini was eleven years old by 1970, it was still one of Britain’s best selling cars. BL chose to drop the Austin and Morris labels and the car was now just called the ‘Mini’.

In the1970s there was a basic range comprising a Mini 850 and a Mini 1000, with 850cc and 1000cc engines. BL offered a more upmarket version, the Clubman, with a squared off nose. There was an estate version with fake wood panels on the outside and a sports 1275 GT version.

Laurence Moss, the estate agent husband of man-eating Beverly in "Abigail’s Party" drove a Mini, getting a new one every year. He claimed the design did alter, in reality BL made very few changes to the design throughout the 70s. By the end of the decade part of the charm of the car was that it had not changed.

The Mini continued in production for another two decades before being replaced by the new Mini in 2000.

Morris Marina TC, 1972

BL’s executives originally planned the Marina as a replacement for the aging Morris Minor and a serious competitor for the Escort. Learning the lessons of the past they wanted to give it plenty of style and hired ex-Ford stylist, Roy Haynes.

Haynes wanted the two door version to appeal to the under thirty age group. He wanted the interior styling to be exotic and wild.

Somehow BL ended up producing a much bigger car than intended, even though it shared some of its mechanical heritage with the venerable Morris Minor. In reality the Marina sold considerably less well than expected. It achieved a creditable fourth position in sales in the 70s, but was not capable of rescuing BL from its financial troubles. Read more about the Morris Marina.

Vauxhall Firenza, 1971

Vauxhall was like Ford, a British car maker with an American parent – General Motors. Like Ford they followed the same approach: a basic rugged car with an up to the minute body. The Viva had been around since 1963 and had already had one facelift. In 1970 Vauxhall revised it again.

The new Viva, called the HC, was still a small car and in the Escort class, nevertheless it looked wide, low and stylish. Like Ford, Vauxhall offered a range of engines and options. At the top of the range was the sporty Firenza SL.

The Viva really was a car for the 70s. It starred in 1999 in the 1970s’ revival comedy, ‘The Grimleys’ as Shane Titley’s car. Vauxhall dropped it in 1979.

Austin 1300GT, 1971

The Austin/Morris 1100/1300 range was a top selling car in the 1960s. BL found it hard to find a replacement for it. So hard in fact that they failed to do so until 1973. So because of its continued strong sales in the first years of the 70s, the 1100/1300 finds itself at number six.

For the 70s there were some detail improvements and some great 70s’ colours including purple and bright orange. Just like its cousins from the 60s, the 1100s and 1300s were spacious, reliable and mechanically simple.

If you fancied something a little sportier, there was the Austin 1300GT which was a tuned up version of the basic car with a black vinyl roof. BL replaced this best seller with the Allegro in 1973.

Austin Allegro

Where Ford got 70s’ style right with the Cortina, BL got it wrong with the Allegro.

Launched in 1973, the Allegro was styled by internal stylist, Harris Mann. It certainly looked 70s. However, where the Cortina emphasised size and width, the Allegro was rounded and dumpy. There was a bizarre selection of different style front grilles complemented with rounded rectangular headlamps matched inside the car with a rounded square steering wheel, called a Quartic.

Vanden Plas 1500 (Allegro)

A range of engines sizes from 1100 to 1750cc, a rather stylish small estate and a posh Vanden Plas version with real wood facia, leather seats and picnic tables failed to impress buyers. Surprisingly BL failed to provide a hatchback version even though the Allegro shape suited it, and they had been making the hatchback Maxi since 1969.

The Allegro was not a great hit with the public. Whilst the 1100/1300 range was chalking up annual sales of 100,000+ units every year, the Allegro failed to achieve more than 65,000. This styling misjudgment certainly contributed to BL’s collapse in 1975.

There was an unfortunate side effect to the 70s’ style lettering on the boot: to some ‘Austin Allegro’ looked like ‘Rustin Allegro’. The Austin All-aggro was another name for it.

When Austin-Rover dropped the Allegro range in 1982 to make room for the Maestro there were few sad faces.

Ford Capri 2000GT, 1972

Ford advertised the Capri as the car you have always promised yourself. The Capri offered the motoring public something entirely new. It was almost a sports car, with a comfortable four-seater saloon cabin, gorgeous fastback styling and a price tag that the man in the street could afford.

Launched in 1969, the Capri sold well throughout the 70s. Like the Cortina, Ford offered a huge range of engines and trim levels. Like the Cortina, there were several styling revisions, but the basic look and personality remained the same.

At the top of the Capri range was the 3000E, which offered outstanding performance with a top speed of 122mph and 0-60mph in eight seconds. The brochure cooed about such refinements as reclining seats, an electric clock and push button radio. The prestige motoring experience was completed by a a steering wheel and gear knob covered in simulated leather.

Hillman Avenger 1300DL, 1975

Rootes Group (Hillman, Singer, Sunbeam, Humber) launched the Hillman Avenger in 1970. It was a completely new car. The Avenger was mechanically unexciting, but offered a stylish new body with black grill with coke bottle styling and a sloping rear end.

The black grill was made from plastic. The Avenger also had some very distinctive L shaped rear a lamp clusters.

The Avenger was smaller than Rootes Group’s Hillman Hunter and competed with the Escort and Viva. It sold steadily throughout the 1970s. There was a facelift in 1976 and it later became the Chrysler Avenger as the American parent began to assert itself more strongly.

Austin Maxi, 1972

The Austin Maxi could have been a world beater. It was one of the first hatch back cars, and it was one of the first mass-market cars to have a five-speed gear box. Partly designed by Alec Issigonis, it was spacious and handled well. However, the Maxi never lived up to expectations.

The original design, launched in 1969, was very plain looking and not liked by the public. The gearbox was awful and the 1500cc engine was not powerful enough for the car.

The Maxi had a major facelift in 1971. There was a new grill, a more attractive wood finish fascia and a new 1750cc engine. In this form it enjoyed modest sales throughout most of the 70s. People loved the practicality of the hatchback and with the seats folded down it was big enough to transport a double mattress and perfectly capable of carrying garden waste to the tip or a tent or two on holiday.

1970s major household expenses

1. Transport

The average household weekly spend on transport in 2007 was £62. That includes everything from bus tickets to buying cars and petrol. In 1971, that £62 would have been just £6. That would barely cover a tube ticket today.

2. Recreation and culture

In 2007, we spent an average of £57 per week on things like holidays, cinema trips, sports activities and gambling. At 1971 prices, that would cost around £6 again – probably about the price of a large bucket of popcorn today.

3. Housing, fuel and power

£52 per week in 2007, £5 per week in 1971. Obviously that includes expenses like mortgage payments, rent and energy bills. Oh how times have changed.

4. Food and drink

In 2007, we spent £54 per week (I must admit I find that hard to believe, looking at my own till receipts, but still). Thirty-eight years ago that would have cost a mere fiver. Oh and over two thirds of the money we spend on food goes to the big supermarkets – so much for the nation of shopkeepers.

5. Restaurants and hotels

Weekly cost in 2007? £37. In 1971 that would have cost about £4, but then I doubt we would have used them as much in those days anyway.

6. Clothing and footwear

Despite our collective obsession with labels and fashion, we only spent £22 per week on clothes in 2007. Imagine how svelte we would all look if that still only set us back £2. Then again, we’d probably have to be clad head to toe in denim, so maybe £22 is a price worth paying.

7. Communication

Presumably this means telephones, mobiles, broadband and the like. Well, we spent an average of £12 a week on this kind of thing in 2007, which is equivalent to £1 in 1971 (OK, OK so we didn’t have mobiles and broadband back then, but that’s not really the point)

8. Everything else

This includes things like education and health, insurance and whatever else we spend our money on. Anyway, in 2007, these miscellaneous items cost a whopping £128 per week. In 1971, you’d have got the lot for £13. So in 2007, the total average household spend per week was a little under £460. Ouch. If we were to enter some kind of weird price time-warp that would come down to a total of about £46 per week.

Meanwhile, the latest research shows that the average household income in 2006 was about £650. Given the perilous state of our savings, you have to wonder where the extra £210 per week went (We only spent £460 of it remember).

Whichever way you look at it though, that time warp is looking rather appealing. We’ve already got the strikes and the recession, so to earn £650 a week and spend only £46 of it would make it all worthwhile.

It’s never going to happen of course, but it’s a nice dream.

1970s: Fewer cars but more smokers

*In 1971, UK residents made 6.7 million holiday trips abroad.

*In 1970/71, there were 621,000 students in the UK in higher education.

*In 1974, 26 per cent of men and 13 per cent of women in Great Britain who smoked regularly were classed as heavy smokers.

*In 1970, life expectancy at birth for males in the UK was 68.7 years and for females was 75.0 years.

*In 1970, there were 340,000 first marriages in England and Wales.

*In 1970, nearly half (48 per cent) of all households in Great Britain did not have regular use of a car.

*In 1971, the average household size in Great Britain was 2.9 people per household, with one-person households accounting for 18 per cent of all households.

*In 1971, the proportion of babies born to women aged under 25 in England and Wales was 47 per cent (369,600 live births).

*In 1970, food and non-alcoholic drinks was the largest category of expenditure, accounting for 21 per cent of UK total domestic household expenditure.

Life expectancy is perhaps the most notable single change. In 1970, when Edward Heath had just become Prime Minister and The Beatles were breaking up, for men it was 68.7 years and for women it was 75 years; 40 years on, these figures have shifted substantially. Male life expectancy is now 77.8 years, and for women it is 81.9 years. Doubtless the fall in heavy smoking has played a part in that. In 1974, 24 per cent of men and 13 per cent of women in Britain who smoked regularly were classed as heavy smokers, whereas in 2008 the figures were 7 per cent of men and only one in 20 women.

1971 vs 2011: what you get for your money

Mars bar: 1971: 2p 2011: 60p

First class stamp: 1971: 3p 2011: 44p

Pint of milk: 1971: 6p 2011: 49p

Loaf of bread: 1971: 9½p 2011: £1.10

Pint of bitter: 1971: 11p 2011: £3.05

Bunch of bananas: 1971: 18p 2011: 65p

Packet of cigarettes: 1971: 27p 2011: £7

Gallon of petrol: 1971: 33p 2011: £6

Ticket to Wembley Cup Final: 1971: £2 2011: £115

The Kelston Crapper
pipe fitting mould maker
Image by brizzle born and bred
THE VILLAGE OF KELSTON AND THE INVENTION OF THE FLUSH TOILET

The actual invention of the flush toilet, the credit must go to Sir John Harrington. Sir John Harrington, godson to Queen Elizabeth I, was a writer by trade. In 1596 he penned a tongue- in- cheek article named "Plan Plots of a Privy of Perfection." In the article, he described in detail his invention, the first flushing water closet. He erected one at the village of Kelston, near Bitton.

THE ROYAL PEE

The water closet, for the most part, worked, and the Queen had Sir John install a water closet in the Royal Palace. The Queen was so pleased with her new convenience, that she had his article bound, and hung it next to her water closet. One of the many problems with Sir John’s water closet was that it was inadequately vented, and sewer gas constantly leaked into the Royal powder room.

The Queen remedied this problem by placing bowls of herbs and fragrances around the room. The flush toilet, however, would not be deemed "popular" for several hundred years.

THE CUMMINGS WATER CLOSET

The belief that Thomas Crapper invented the first patented flushing water closet is untrue. The first patent for the flushing water closet was actually issued to Alexander Cummings in 1775. A watchmaker by trade, Cummings designed a toilet in which the water supply was brought low into the bowl, and some water remained after each flush. "The advantage of this water closet," he stated, "depends upon the shape of the bowl." The Cummings water closet was generally made of copper.

It was a great improvement, but the seal at the bottom of the toilet leaked, continually emitting sewer gases into the home. No one was aware at that time, that sewer gases were highly explosive, as well as great bacteria carriers. Other inventors sought to change both of those problems.

Joseph Bramah, a cabinetmaker who regularly "fitted-up" water closets, sought to improve Cummings original idea, and a patent was issued to him in 1778. Bramah discovered that by replacing Cumming’s string valve closure with a crank-type mechanism, he would essentially get an air tight seal between the toilet and what ever offending odors may be lurking beneath it. There were some problems with this new toilet, however.

THE NOISY LOO

The flushing action failed quite often, it was incredibly noisy, and the seal would dry up if the toilet was not used often enough. Although Bramah installed over 6,000 toilets by 1797, without a tight seal, the sewer gas problem remained. By 1860, people around Europe were tired of the odor from the sewer gases escaping into their homes.

Along came the inventor Henry Moule, with his patented Earth Closet. This wonderful commode dispensed dirt or ashes on to the offensive materials, rendering them odorless. The problem with Moule’s invention was that the contents had to be emptied by hand. People bought the earth closet in great numbers though, because they could hardly stand the stench in their own homes from their previous toilet experiences.

THOMAS CRAPPER

Thomas Crapper, an industrious plumber,d his shop on Marlborough Street in London in 1861, and aptly named it The Marlboro’ Works of Thomas Crapper & Company. Crapper continuously tested toilets at Marlboro Works, so much so that he had a 250 gallon water tank installed on the roof of his building. Crapper’s claim to fame is the improvements that he made to the water closet. He invented a pull- chain system for powerful flushing, and an air tight seal between the toilet and the floor. He also patented several venting systems for venting the sewer gas by way of a pipe through the roof. Crapper also teamed up with Thomas Twyford, the pottery maker.

THE POSH BOG

Twyford changed his pottery assembly lines from turning out tableware to turning out toilets, with Crapper supplying the inner-workings. Twyford also made toilets into art pieces, by molding them into many shapes including dolphins. The fine porcelain makers Wedgewood and Royal Doulton soon followed suit (Stein Rod). None of the porcelain manufacturers were opposed to the free advertising, as the names of their firms were emblazoned on the toilet, in a conspicuous place.

THE JOHN

Across the Atlantic, Americans were still using chamber pots, but only in the event of an emergency such as illness or bad weather. Other than that, people used the outhouse, a small building constructed over anpit with a bench inside into which several holes were fashioned. The user would sit over the hole and relieve himself. The flush toilet did not gain popularity in the United States until after World War I, when American troops came home from England full of talk about a "mighty slick invention called the crapper." The American slang term for the toilet, "the john," is said to be derived from the flushing water closets at Harvard university installed in 1735, and emblazoned with the manufacturer’s name, Rev. Edward Johns.

SO NEXT TIME YOU HAVE A PEE….THINK OF THE VILLAGE OF KELSTON

The flush toilet is an invention of which humanity can be very proud. Without this marvelous contraption, disease would still be rampant and water supplies throughout the world would be undrinkable.

The next time you see a toilet, standing at attention in a bathroom, remember the many inventors and plumbers that made it a clean, simple, easy to use device that makes our lives a little easier.

Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center: Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird port panorama (F-4 Corsair & P-40 Warhawk overhead)

Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center: Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird port panorama (F-4 Corsair & P-40 Warhawk overhead)

Some cool plastic injection china images:

Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center: Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird port panorama (F-4 Corsair & P-40 Warhawk overhead)
plastic injection china
Image by Chris Devers
See a lot more photographs of this, and the Wikipedia post.

Particulars, quoting from Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum | Curtiss P-40E Warhawk (Kittyhawk IA):

Regardless of whether recognized as the Warhawk, Tomahawk, or Kittyhawk, the Curtiss P-40 proved to be a effective, versatile fighter during the very first half of Planet War II. The shark-mouthed Tomahawks that Gen. Claire Chennault’s &quotFlying Tigers&quot flew in China against the Japanese stay amongst the most common airplanes of the war. P-40E pilot Lt. Boyd D. Wagner became the very first American ace of World War II when he shot down six Japanese aircraft in the Philippines in mid-December 1941.

Curtiss-Wright constructed this airplane as Model 87-A3 and delivered it to Canada as a Kittyhawk I in 1941. It served until 1946 in No. 111 Squadron, Royal Canadian Air Force. U.S. Air Force personnel at Andrews Air Force Base restored it in 1975 to represent an aircraft of the 75th Fighter Squadron, 23rd Fighter Group, 14th Air Force.

Donated by the Exchange Club in Memory of Kellis Forbes.

Manufacturer:
Curtiss Aircraft Firm

Date:
1939

Country of Origin:
United States of America

Dimensions:
All round: 330 x 970cm, 2686kg, 1140cm (10ft 9 15/16in. x 31ft 9 7/8in., 5921.6lb., 37ft 4 13/16in.)

Components:
All-metal, semi-monocoque

Physical Description:
Single engine, single seat, fighter aircraft.

• • • • •

See far more pictures of this, and the Wikipedia write-up.

Particulars, quoting from Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum | Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird:

No reconnaissance aircraft in history has operated globally in more hostile airspace or with such total impunity than the SR-71, the world’s fastest jet-propelled aircraft. The Blackbird’s overall performance and operational achievements placed it at the pinnacle of aviation technology developments during the Cold War.

This Blackbird accrued about 2,800 hours of flight time throughout 24 years of active service with the U.S. Air Force. On its final flight, March 6, 1990, Lt. Col. Ed Yielding and Lt. Col. Joseph Vida set a speed record by flying from Los Angeles to Washington, D.C., in 1 hour, four minutes, and 20 seconds, averaging 3,418 kilometers (2,124 miles) per hour. At the flight’s conclusion, they landed at Washington-Dulles International Airport and turned the airplane over to the Smithsonian.

Transferred from the United States Air Force.

Manufacturer:
Lockheed Aircraft Corporation

Designer:
Clarence L. &quotKelly&quot Johnson

Date:
1964

Country of Origin:
United States of America

Dimensions:
All round: 18ft five 15/16in. x 55ft 7in. x 107ft 5in., 169998.5lb. (five.638m x 16.942m x 32.741m, 77110.8kg)
Other: 18ft five 15/16in. x 107ft 5in. x 55ft 7in. (five.638m x 32.741m x 16.942m)

Supplies:
Titanium

Physical Description:
Twin-engine, two-seat, supersonic strategic reconnaissance aircraft airframe constructed largley of titanium and its alloys vertical tail fins are constructed of a composite (laminated plastic-kind material) to minimize radar cross-section Pratt and Whitney J58 (JT11D-20B) turbojet engines feature huge inlet shock cones.

• • • • •

See far more photographs of this, and the Wikipedia article.

Details, quoting from Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum | Vought F4U-1D Corsair:

By V-J Day, September two, 1945, Corsair pilots had amassed an 11:1 kill ratio against enemy aircraft. The aircraft’s distinctive inverted gull-wing design permitted ground clearance for the huge, 3-bladed Hamilton Common Hydromatic propeller, which spanned a lot more than 4 meters (13 feet). The Pratt and Whitney R-2800 radial engine and Hydromatic propeller was the biggest and a single of the most potent engine-propeller combinations ever flown on a fighter aircraft.

Charles Lindbergh flew bombing missions in a Corsair with Marine Air Group 31 against Japanese strongholds in the Pacific in 1944. This airplane is painted in the colors and markings of the Corsair Sun Setter, a Marine close-support fighter assigned to the USS Essex in July 1944.

Transferred from the United States Navy.

Manufacturer:
Vought Aircraft Company

Date:
1940

Nation of Origin:
United States of America

Dimensions:
All round: 460 x 1020cm, 4037kg, 1250cm (15ft 1 1/8in. x 33ft five 9/16in., 8900lb., 41ft 1/8in.)

Supplies:
All metal with fabric-covered wings behind the principal spar.

Physical Description:
R-2800 radial air-cooled engine with 1,850 horsepower, turned a 3-blade Hamilton Standard Hydromatic propeller with strong aluminum blades spanning 13 feet 1 inch wing bent gull-shaped on each sides of the fuselage.

Good China Household Mould pictures

Good China Household Mould pictures

Check out these china household mould photos:

Image from page 98 of “Overall health in property and town” (1922)
china household mould
Image by Web Archive Book Images
Identifier: healthinhometown00brow
Title: Well being in property and town
Year: 1922 (1920s)
Authors: Brown, Bertha Millard, b. 1870
Subjects: Sanitation, Household Public overall health
Publisher: Boston, New York [and so on.] D.C. Heath and company
Contributing Library: The Library of Congress
Digitizing Sponsor: The Library of Congress

View Book Page: Book Viewer
About This Book: Catalog Entry
View All Pictures: All Images From Book

Click right here to view book on the web to see this illustration in context in a browseable on the internet version of this book.

Text Appearing Just before Image:
s just under the ceiling, referred to as the cornice. Thefrieze varies in width, and could be nine inches or moredeep. It is at times finished at the base with a widemolding for the show of china or pottery. In smallrooms, the walls appear higher when the frieze is omittedand the picture-molding is placed close to the ceiling.The filling is the space from the top of the dado or thebase-board to the frieze or the molding. This is thepart that stands directly back of the furnishings andpictures. The Wall Coverings. — The appearance of the walldepends upon three items: initial, the manner of cover-ing second, the colour chosen and third, the patternselected. There are a number of methods in which walls are HOW TO FINISH AND DECORATE Home 85 decorated. Some of the most beautiful walls are coveredwith panels of wood. Mahogany, oak, and otherbeautiful woods are employed for this objective, and are sofinished as to bring out their wonderful grain and color.This is really expensive, but some of the museums show rooms

Text Appearing Right after Image:
A Area with Walls of Wooden Panels entirely finished in wood. At times burlap, canvas,or tapestry is utilized on walls as an alternative of wood. Painted Walls. — Some rooms like the kitchen, bath-area, or back hall need to have to have really serviceable walls.A painted wall will last a long time, and might be washedwhen soiled. A very good colour like light brown or greenmakes a quite attractive and acceptable wall. Some-occasions when a plain colour is desired, a room is calcimined. 86 Overall health IN Property AND TOWN When walls finished in this way turn out to be soiled, how-ever, they can’t be washed, as the calcimine alsocomes off. Wall-Papers. — Possibly most of the walls in smallhouses are papered. A very good wall-paper lasts many

Note About Pictures
Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page photos that might have been digitally enhanced for readability – coloration and look of these illustrations may possibly not completely resemble the original perform.

Image from page 161 of “The story of corn and the westward migration” (1916)
china household mould
Image by Internet Archive Book Images
Identifier: storyofcornwestw01broo
Title: The story of corn and the westward migration
Year: 1916 (1910s)
Authors: Brooks, Eugene Clyde, 1871-
Subjects: Corn
Publisher: Chicago : Rand, McNally
Contributing Library: The Library of Congress
Digitizing Sponsor: The Library of Congress

View Book Web page: Book Viewer
About This Book: Catalog Entry
View All Photos: All Pictures From Book

Click right here to view book on the internet to see this illustration in context in a browseable on the internet version of this book.

Text Appearing Prior to Image:
the lead in constructing turnpikes, andby 1820 a line of wagons was running regularlybetween Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. Far more thanthree thousand wagons, transporting annually morethan 4 million dollars worth of merchandise,carried on a lively targeted traffic more than the old LancasterRoad. Four, and often six, horses pulled aheavy wagon as it creaked along the old rough roadsthat have been nevertheless tramped by thousands of emigrantsgoing into the corn country. In addition to this overland trade thousands ofboats, rafts, and barges floated down the Ohio andthe Mississippi, carrying barrels of flour bound forNew Orleans and for distribution to settlers along theway. Corn could not be transported a really greatdistance, since it molded swiftly when shipped inbulk. Hence flour was carried by boat, and cornwas converted into animals or whisky. Floating Stores. New York, Philadelphia, and 146 The Story oj Corn Baltimore were producing fantastic efforts to reach thiswestern nation and draw trade to the East. In

Text Appearing Following Image:
From Maces College History A fiathoat on the Ohio, The Ohio and the Mississippi have been the most important highways in the new West. Thousands of flatboats loaded with products floated down them to New Orleans the West no spur was needed. There all was bustleand hurry. Pittsburgh became the wonderful distribut-ing point, and at instances several thousand emi-grants, together with goods worth many milliondollars, would gather in the city, waiting for theOhio to rise so that they may well go down the river.Settlers along the river watched for the boats fromPittsburgh to get news from the East and mer-chandise from Philadelphia and Baltimore. Thesedemands gave rise to a new kind of conveyance. A big vessel resembling a dwelling residence soonappeared on the Ohio. It had counters and shelvespiled higher with *clothes and handsome furnitureand kitchenware, china, crockery, footwear, and everysort pf article and utensil of use in the household Early Life in the Corn Nation 14^ or in the field/ As this larg

Note About Photos
Please note that these pictures are extracted from scanned web page pictures that might have been digitally enhanced for readability – coloration and appearance of these illustrations could not perfectly resemble the original perform.

Plastic Moulds and Its Makes use of in Automotive Market

Plastic is a synthetically formed non-metallic compound that has been very popular over the years. Plastic plays a essential role in contributing to the modern globe economy. Plastic has become an important element that has changed our lives to a great extent. Wherever we go, be it house or office, roads or buying malls, hospitals or airports, the use of plastic can be nicely noticed. Plastic is employed extensively in different industries to meet the domestic as effectively as industrial needs.

Plastic Pallet Mould is manufactured by heating the plastic pallets and pouring in the melted plastic into a custom created rigid mould and obtaining the preferred form following cooling. There are several processes of plastic mould manufacturing. The most frequent of these strategies are: injection moulding, blow moulding, compression moulding, rotational moulding, and so forth. As the names suggest, the techniques differ in the approaches of feeding the polymer in the machines and the step-sensible processes connected with them. The plastic mould makers choose a processing strategy depending on their interest, spending budget, experience and resources.

Various industries opt for mass-developed custom-created plastic moulds according to their certain requirements. The most common industry to use plastic pallet mould as raw material to manufacture a completed solution is the automotive sector. Automotive parts companies order for plastic automotive moulds created in plastic moulding factories in bulk quantities. These moulds are attached and utilized to create numerous complicated automotive parts or a automobile. Durability is the prime issue in Automotive Parts Moulding and automotive components need to be powerful and corrosion-cost-free to guarantee ultimate security and comfort to the end user. The reason of adapting plastic over metals and alloys is its durability and zero-upkeep feature. Also, plastic does not react to the environmental factors like air, light and moisture. Additionally, plastic is regarded to be consuming significantly less energy and manpower.

Automotive Components Moulding is a significant business that calls for skilled labor, knowledge, preparing and infrastructure. China plastic mould makers and suppliers are the most sought right after all about the planet for their excellent high quality item and reasonable prices. To get new organization and to retain clientele, the China suppliers concentrate on making use of the greatest skilled manpower and latest technologies to make certain superior top quality of their goods. Also, they are effectively aware of the adversities related with plastic mould manufacturing. Plastic can impose specific dangers on the well being of human and other living creatures. Also, the factory emissions and wastes harm the eco system by polluting the air and water. Along with the good quality of their items, the makers should also be accountable about these damaging effects and take suitable measures of recycling and waste management in an atmosphere friendly manner.

This write-up is written by Jacob Williams on behalf of HQMOULD. His understanding in plastic moulding sector has noticed him contribute to and write a number of articles on subjects like Plastic Mould, Automotive Parts Moulding, Plastic Pallet Mould, plastic mould china and plastic mould factory etc.

Related Automotive Mould Produced In China Articles

Image from page 265 of “Furniture for the craftsman a manual for the student and machanic” (1914)

Image from page 265 of “Furniture for the craftsman a manual for the student and machanic” (1914)

Verify out these large slide mould company images:

Image from web page 265 of “Furnishings for the craftsman a manual for the student and machanic” (1914)
big slide mould company
Image by World wide web Archive Book Pictures
Identifier: furnitureforcraf01otte
Title: Furniture for the craftsman a manual for the student and machanic
Year: 1914 (1910s)
Authors: Otter, Paul D. (Paul Denniston), b. 1866
Subjects: Furnishings generating Furniture finishing Cabinetwork
Publisher: New York, Davis Williams organization
Contributing Library: The Library of Congress
Digitizing Sponsor: Sloan Foundation

View Book Page: Book Viewer
About This Book: Catalog Entry
View All Pictures: All Pictures From Book

Click here to view book on the internet to see this illustration in context in a browseable on-line version of this book.

Text Appearing Ahead of Image:
ar filling piece 3 in. wide glued and closing up the end andprojecting to fill up the groove marked in dotted lines on outerpieces E, tenoned at one particular end in molded end D, and slotted outto acquire a 3^ x three-in. strip to slide loosely in slot in board C.This strip is to be glued into ends, E, C, and E to be partedsufficiently to slide smoothly. Soapstone or soap will permit ofa fair joint and smooth action to such work. F shows a drop-down hinged end secured to ends D. Many modifications could 262 Furniture FOR THE CRAFTSMAN be offered to this end—a strong board with some appropriate outershape, a tiny interior cutting, or applied ornament, suggestedor adapted. A Combination Bookcase and Writing Desk Mission furniture is now so prevalent in numerous homes thatFig. 260 is introduced as embodying critical features that abusy man or woman finds necessary when some of the days workof writing or checking more than accounts must be continued duringthe house hours. As shown in the sketch there are two book-

Text Appearing Soon after Image:
FiG. 260.—General View of the Mixture Bookcase and Writing Desk. shelves at every single side of the writing desk with an overhead con-tinuation of book shelving obtaining a set height for smaller books.According to the half carcase program in Fig. 261, the position of thecorner and intermediate posts are clearly indicated, leaving anopen foot space in the middle front below the desk as might beseen from an inspection of big. 2(30. BOOKCASES AND HOLDERS 263 The connection amongst the four book posts is created by con-structing three paneled frames of ^-in. material and stiles andrails 2^ in. wide. The stiles project and are fitted with tenons,the best and bottom to enter mortise cuts in the posts, which arei]four in. square and 56 in. lengthy. In laying out a rough workingdrawing the outdoors measure of the case will be 14 x 65 in. and

Note About Images
Please note that these pictures are extracted from scanned page photos that may have been digitally enhanced for readability – coloration and look of these illustrations might not completely resemble the original perform.

Image from page 27 of “Virginia, the Old Dominion, as seen from its colonial waterway, the historic river James, whose every succeeding turn reveals country replete with monuments and scenes recalling the march of history and its figures from the days of
big slide mould company
Image by Net Archive Book Pictures
Identifier: virginiaolddomin00hutc
Title: Virginia, the Old Dominion, as observed from its colonial waterway, the historic river James, whose each succeeding turn reveals nation replete with monuments and scenes recalling the march of history and its figures from the days of Captain John Smith to the present time
Year: 1921 (1920s)
Authors: Hutchins, Frank W Hutchins, Cortelle
Subjects: Historic buildings Houseboats
Publisher: Boston, The Page Firm
Contributing Library: The Library of Congress
Digitizing Sponsor: Sloan Foundation

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About This Book: Catalog Entry
View All Images: All Images From Book

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Text Appearing Ahead of Image:
ought, as homelike as boatingrequirements would permit. There have been twocabins, one particular at either finish of the craft. Be-tween these, and at one particular side of the passage-way connecting them, was what we alwaysthought of as the kitchen, but constantly tookcare to speak of as the galley. At 1st glance,, each of the cabins wouldbe taken as a common living-space. Each wasthat but also a little of almost everything else. Atcustomary intervals, one compartment or theother would turn into a dining-cabin. Again,innocent seeking bits of wall would give way,and there would appear beds, presses, lava-tories, and a lamentable lack of room. Both cabins were completed in old oak, darkand dead there is a superabundance ofbrightness on the water. The ceilings showedthe uncovered, dark carlines or rafters. Thewalls had, along the top, a row of niches forbooks and along the bottom, a deceptive sortof wainscoting, every panel of which was alocker door. In between book niches above andwainscoting beneath, the walls have been paneled in six

Text Appearing Soon after Image:
THE HOUSEBOAT GADABOUT. ALL ABOUT GADABOUT green burlap with brown rope for molding.The furnishing was plain. The kitchen or galley was rather tiny askitchens go, and rather massive as galleys go.It would not do to tell all the items that werein it for anyone would see that they couldnot all be there. Possibly it would be wellto mention merely the gasoline stove, therefrigerator, the pump and sink, the wall-table, the cupboards for supplies, the closetfor the mans serAnng coats and aprons, theracks of blue willow ware dishes, and the bigsHding door. A single has to mention the big sliding doorfor it made such a difference. It worked upand down like a window-sash, and alwayssuggested the conundrum. When is a galleynot a galley? For when it was down, itdisclosed nothing at all and the galley was a galleybut when it was up, it disclosed a recess inwhich two small gasoline motors sat side byside, and the galley was an engine-room. It was a quite ingenious and inconvenientarrangement. Operating the

Note About Images
Please note that these pictures are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability – coloration and look of these illustrations could not perfectly resemble the original work.

Good Mold China pictures

Good Mold China pictures

A couple of good mold china photos I identified:

P1013571m
mold china
Image by Zi O-ne
Well now, we have a lengthy day beind us. I didn’t anticipate the post todays because IoS just shipped out a handful of days agon and I was certain the order will be stuck in customs, but to my surprize, Ryou just bashed home in 3 days. I did not make any box opening images and I strategy to make up for that, but dad was really curious about what I got and hurried me ^^
So Ryou is here!!!
He is Aiji’s twin brother, and I had planned to bring him house waaaay later, but IoS discontinueing the head and placing up a last sale was just tooooo tempting. I am so content for him thou!! I know it really is the very same mold but he was so different appropriate out of the box.
I allso need to buy a brand new body for him from dollzone, given that he is way more pink then the older head and will almost certainly not match anything older than a handful of months. I want him to have the same physique too.
So The painting had to be carried out these days, I had some time, considering that I only got a pair of wings to paint as commission, so I scrubbed off Aiji and just started to paint them at one time. Like performing the layers identically, except the last 1 exactly where there are the tiny modifications. Allso Ryou as a character is not all smiles, like Aiji, so I did my very best to not make him so &quothappy&quot but to leave space for some expression alterations.
So right here are the twins! Aiji and Ryou! They will have the exact same colored eyes but they are nevertheless in the producing by the wonderfull NiuKy+ and Ryou’s hair is stuck in the china post ^^ (A black fur wig…the head actually outrun the wing)

Home Office – My Desk – Old 2005

Home Office – My Desk – Old 2005

Some cool injection moulding solutions photos:

Property Workplace – My Desk – Old 2005
injection moulding services
Image by fensterbme
UPDATED: This photo is over five years old and is out-dated. If you are interested in seeing what my half of our office appears like Click Here. I’ve switched almost totally over to Mac and things are a lot simpler overall.

Old Description of Workplace as it Was in 2005:
I invest a lot of time right here. It’s my half of our residence office (my wife has the other half). I perform out of my property about 40% of the time, and my wife performs out of the home in the evenings and weekends. We each perform a good bit… so we are in this area a lot more than any other in our house.

Anyways, my side of our office is filled with tech stuff. I have two huge tower cases (1 is a server, the other is my desktop), my work laptop, my personal laptop and my Macinotsh G4.

These machines connect to another group of computer systems in my basement (I have six runs of CAT5e cabling between my 2nd floor office and basement). I run my firewall (Smoothwall), two test linux systems, and an additional Windows XP machine running subsequent to my music/audio stuff, all out of my basement to stay away from the complete geek overrun of the workplace. In reality quickly the server and desktop machines will also move to the basement and into a custom rack enclosure (along with my other mess of boxes downstairs) I will then create yet another AMD dual core method to be my desktop computer. As my existing desktop is headed to be a virtualization server (VMWare) which will act as a test bed /property lab for me.

All the quick stuff connects by means of gigabit ethernet (Server, Primary Desktop, G4 Macintosh, downstairs XP machine and my wife’s HP nc8230 laptop), the other stuff has to stay in the slow lane with rapidly ethernet connections, or wireless connections if I feel like walking about.

Click here to see a photo of our book case on the other side of the area.

Right here is a hyperlink to the photo of my real office which isn’t nearly as fascinating.

NOTE: This photo made it into Flickr’s ‘Explore&quot as one particular of the prime five hundred most exciting images on a distinct day. You can see all of my photo’s that have produced it into the Flickr Discover pages right here.

Intricacies of Processing and Manufacturing of the Automobile Plastic Components

Intricacies of Processing and Manufacturing of the Automobile Plastic Components

The automobile parts and the injection moldings are the demanding items of the plastic business where there is typical workout of these two fundamental goods. The injection moulding is the a single that are used to make the thermoplastic and the thermosetting polymers. And the automotive components are plastic components that are utilized for the construction of the automotives like that of the car assembly parts, physique for the door lock latches, door and damper ,auto door handles, and several a lot more plastic molded parts.

How injection mouldng manufacturers generate exclusive products? These are made by melting the plastic and then remolding them into the desired frame below a pressure that topic it to reframe. These products are the superb architects of the plastic injection companies who style the moldings to facilitate the moulding process. These products are created by an industrial designer or any plastic engineer who are the tool makers of these moulds from the metals that are either the steel or aluminum and these are precision – machined to from the attributes of the desired component.

What significance do automotive parts moulding have? They are made with the 3D printing of the injection moulds by the use of photopolymer plastics that do not melt during the injection approach. These have a variant use in the building of the automotive parts moldings.

What are these employed for?

Exactly where plastic injection moulding makers are employed? These moldings are used to generate several items like that of the wire spools, packaging, bottle caps, automotive dashboards, pocket combs and even utilised to make particular components of the musical instruments. It’s now quite the frequent 1 that is used for the manufacturing of the goods associated to the automotives.
How are these moulds developed?

What are the simple elements of automotive parts moulding? These moulds are made with the two basic components that are essential for the automotive moulding which are that of the injection mold and the ejector mold. These two are made to function combined as the plastic resin is created to enter the mold by means of a gate in the injection mold and is busing is to seal tightly against the nozzle of the injection barrel of the machine to allow the flow of the molten plastic in to the mold from the barrel and then the gate bushing directs the molten plastic to the cavity photos by way of channels that are machined into the faces of the A and B plates.

And right after that these channels enable the plastic to run along them and the molten plastic flows through the runner and enters one or much more specialized gates and into the cavity. This sort of mechanical function is even guided by the specialists who work to analyze the qualitative survey of these moldings.

This write-up is written by Jacob Williams on behalf of HQMOULD. His understanding in plastic moulding sector has seen him contribute to and write many articles on subjects like Plastic Mould, Automotive Components Moulding, Plastic Injection Moulding Producers, Mould China and plastic mould factory and so on.